Kucukkaya, BahireAfrasyap, Lale2024-07-122024-07-1220130250-46851303-829X10.5505/tjb.2013.625342-s2.0-84879912336https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2013.62534https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12415/8782Heterotrimeric G proteins are known as G proteins, consist of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. G protein mediated signaling is employed by virtually all cells in the mammalian organism and is centrally involved in diverse physiological functions such as perception of sensory information, modulation of synaptic transmission, hormone release and actions, regulation of cell contraction and migration, or cell growth and differentiation. The amino acid identity of the alpha subunits has been used as basis for the classification of G proteins into four families G(s), G(i), G(q), and G(12). G proteins stimulate distinct downstream effectors including enzymes, ion channels and small GTPase, thus regulating multiple signaling pathways including those involved in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are a family that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression, cell division, cell survival, apoptosis, metabolism, differentiation and motility. The mitogen-activated protein kinase family includes ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinazlar 1, 2 ve 3, p38MAPK alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and ERK5 as classical mitogen-activated protein kinases, and ERK3, ERK4 NLK, and ERK7 as atypical mitogen-activated protein kinases. Each of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways consists of three distinct kinases, namely an upstream respectively; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinasetrinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessHeterotrimeric G proteinsG proteinsMitogen activated protein kinaseMAP KinaseMAPKReview2282Q421838WOS:000323181600014Q4