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    THE BUREAUCRACY AND ITS DISCONTENTS IN MODERN TURKEY: LIBERALISM, NEO-LIBERALISM AND ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM
    (Istanbul Univ Press, Istanbul Univ Rectorate, 2020) Örnek, Cangul
    An important pillar of Ottoman and Turkish capitalist modernization has been the constitution of a legal-rational authority, which is strictly tied to the formation of a modern bureaucracy. The bureaucracy has attained a very special attention in academic writing, getting far beyond considering this category as one of the elements of Turkish modernization. Rather, the bureaucracy was declared as the very subject of this history, which acts according to a special blueprint designed to shape the society and politics. The objective of this chapter is to challenge this presumption by discussing the linkage between the thickening anti-intellectualism especially at the time of changes in the mode of accumulation and the negative approach adopted against the bureaucracy by the political authorities, which tend to establish an arbitrary rule. In this regard, it is asserted that the negative treatment of the traditional Republican bureaucracy, which made a peak in the 1950s and, later, in the 1980s, cannot be explained in a superficial manner with only a reaction to the bureaucratization and the rise in bureaucratic formalities. These two waves of anti-bureaucratism require special attention also because of their legacy that contributed to the vital erosion in the institutional framework of the state administration in the 2000s.
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    Why does the AKP hate cultivated minds? The historical background of anti-intellectualism of political Islam in Turkey
    (Mediterranean Inst Univ Malta, 2022) Örnek, Cangul
    This paper attempts to understand the recent wave of anti-intellectualism swaying Turkey's cultural and political life under the AKP government. Scrutinising the root causes of anti-intellectual notions of political Islam in Turkey, this paper propounds that negative thoughts and sentiments toward intellectualism were strong in post-WWII political Islamist thought and movement. The mindset of Islamist youth enculturated in this atmosphere was shaped substantially by a reactionary mode towards self-cultivation of the individual, critical thinking and social criticism. In this regard, four aspects of this legacy are closely scrutinised. To reflect upon this process of enculturation, this paper first discusses the features of the Sunni Sufi tradition that inhibit intellectual cultivation. Second, the impact of the anti-communist activism of the Cold War is investigated. Third, the conspiracy thinking of the ustads of political Islam is revisited. Fourth, anti-scientism of the political Islamists is pointed out as an element yielding their anti-intellectual inclinations.