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    Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of North Macedonia
    (Maltepe Üniversitesi, 2021) Radenkov, Igor; Gavrilova, Nina; Mladenoska, Natasha
    Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic apart from its physical complications, has been widely reported to have effects on general mental health and the quality of sleep.The aim of our research was to investigate the prevalence of insomnia since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in The Republic of North Macedonia and to study the correlation between insomnia and socio-economic factors during the pandemic, as well as the correlation between insomnia and exposure to the virus. Methodology: A cross-sectional study with the use of snowball sampling was conducted. An anonymous Google forms survey was distributed to participants using the applications Viber and Messenger in a span of 7 days.The survey contained questions pertaining to the exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the socio-economic status of the participants during the pandemic, previous mental health status, and increase of workplace workload. The presence of insomnia in the participants was graded by including a modified version of the Insomnia Severity Index(ISS-7), with a score equal or greater than 8 indicating insomnia. Results: There were a total of 195 participants in our study. Sixty-three(32.3%) of all participants met the criteria for insomnia. Associations between insomnia and the loss of household income during the pandemic(OR = 2.34, p = 0.0148, 95% CI = 1.18–4.63), not having a partner during the pandemic(OR = 2.07, p = 0.0371, 95% CI = 1.04–4.10) and exposure of someone close to the participant to the virus (OR = 1.95, p = 0.0394, 95% CI = 1.033–3.68) were observed. Conclusion: Our study found that almost one-third of the population suffered insomnia symptoms since the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic in the Republic of North Macedonia. The related risk factors included the loss of a job, lowering of the total household income and exposure to the virus of a friend or relative of the participant. These results prompt effective interventions conducted in a timely manner in the treatment of insomnia in the two high-risk groups identified- the individuals suffering financial losses during the COVID19 pandemic and individuals with little social contact.
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    University pressure and socio-economic factors- good predictors of somatic complaints in university students?
    (T.C. Maltepe Üniversitesi, 2022) Radenkov, Igor; Gavrilova, Nina; Mladenoska, Natasha; Thomas, Pınar Buket; Öner, Çağrı; Avcı Alpar, Demet; Erkut, Zeynep
    Background: Psychosomatic disorder is a psychological condition characterized by a manifestation of various nonspecific and ambiguous somatic symptoms that cannot be explained by any organic pathology. These somatic complaints are highly prevalent in young, healthy populations and although very common, can cause much distress and feelings of guilt and misunderstanding. The aim of our study was to estimate the percentage of university students in Skopje, North Macedonia suffering from somatic complaints and/or disorders and to try and find association between these symptoms with various factors from the personal and professional lives of these students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed. For this goal, an online Google Forms survey was created containing the PHQ - 15(Patient Health Questionnaire), which contains 15 questions that pertain to various psychosomatic symptoms the students might have experienced during the last 7 days. The score can range from 0-30, with >5 indicating mild, >10 moderate and >15 severe somatization. In addition to these 15 questions, the study contained 20 other questions which aimed to provide information about the previous mental health profile of the participants (including previous history of psychosomatic complaints), the current socio- economic circumstances of the students, as well as the academic profile of each student. The Google Forms survey was open from the 17th of February to the 27th of March 2022. The survey was distributed among university students in Skopje, North Macedonia. Results: There were a total of 181 participants in the study, out of whom, 25 met the PHP-15 criteria for a psychosomatic disorder. There were significant correlations between somatization symptoms and underperforming in university according to ones self- expectations(OR=4.09;CI=1.69-9.9;p=0.0018), previous history of similar somatic complaints(OR=3.73;CI=1.54-9.03;p=0.0035),working full time while studying(OR=3.34;CI=1.4-7.93;p=0.0062) and placing very high importance on university studies in one's life(OR=2.75;CI=1.16-6.54;p=0.0217). Conclusion: Our study determined that almost a sixth of the participating university students met the criteria for psychosomatic disorder. Despite this, especially in young populations, these symptoms can be seen as banal, hypochondriac complaints even by experienced clinicians. This is very important as psychosomatic disorders have high burden on the social and professional functioning of the sufferers, reducing everyday performance and general well- being, prompting a more careful approach by clinicians when encountering individuals with such symptoms.