Husserl'de yabancıyı / Başkasını algılama sorunu (özneler arasılık kavramı çerçevesinde çözüm arayışları) / The perception problem of a foreigner in Husserl
Yükleniyor...
Tarih
2009
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Eldeki çalısma Husserl’in fenomenolojik felsefesinde önemli bir yer tutan yabancıyı algılama sorununu konu edinmektedir. Yabancıyı algılama (Fremderfahrung) kavramı transzendental bilinç üzerine yönelir. Bu kavram çerçevesinde öznenin dısında var olan dıs dünyanın nesnel algısının transzendental bilincin öznelliği içinde mümkün olup almadığı, mümkünse nasıl mümkün olduğu sorunu tartısılır. Husserl’de, yabancıyı algılama konusundaki kavram tartısmasının ardında bir bilinç arastırması ve nesnel bilgi tartısması vardır. Husserl bu arastırmaya yeni bir yöntem ve tez öne sürerek baslar. Onun felsefi çizgisine yenilik kazandıran da bilincin iç düzeni ve yasaları üzerine ortaya attığı tez ve bu yasaların arastırılması için önerdiği yöntemdir. Bu çalısmada, özellikle, Husserl’in “Kartezyen Meditasyonlar” (Cartesianische Meditationen) adlı kitabında yabancıyı algılama sorunu çerçevesinde bilinç konusunu nasıl ele aldığı ve bu konuyu transzendental bir teori olarak nasıl açtığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Husserl, bilinç araştırmasına ya da yabancıyı algılama sorununu tartışmaya yeni bir yöntem önererek baslar. Bu yöntemin adı’dir. Bu yöntemi kısaca “dünyanın varlık savını ayraç içine alma” olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Eldeki çalısmanın ilk bölümünde bu yöntem çerçevesinde naiv dünya görüsünün nasıl kökten değiştirildiği ve ayraca alınan dünyadan arta kalan salt ben alanı irdelenir. Fenomenolojik bir indirgeme yöntemidir. Dünyaya dair her şey ayraca alınır ve bilinç salt ben’e indirgenir. Bu, mutlak bir bilinçtir. Husserl’e göre mutlak bilinç alanına geri gitmek, transzendental varlık alanının örtüsünü açmaktır. Bu alan üzerine eğildiğimizde bilincin gerçek yapısını kesfederiz. Bilinci tanımlayan kavram, “yönelmislik” kavramıdır. Yönelmislik, bilincin daima “bir seyin bilinci” (Bewusstsein von etwas) olarak kavranmasıdır. Bu da, içeriği olmayan bir bilinç düsünülemez demektir. Bu çalısmanın ikinci bölümünde, bilincin basarısı olarak belirlenen yapılandırma kavramı üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu kavramla bilincin temel niteliği belirlenir: Dünya, bilincin bir bağlılasımı olarak bilinir. Seylerin özü bilincin kendisindedir. Dünyanın, varlıkların, bilinç edimleri olarak bilincin öz yasalarına iii göre transzendental olarak temellendirilmesine yapılandırma adı verilir (Sözer, 1976: 27). Husserl’e göre bilinç arastırması yapılandırmanın iç düzenini ve yasalarını belirleyerek gerçeklestirilebilir. Eldeki çalısmanın üçüncü ve son bölümünde de, yabancıyı algılama sorununa getirilen teorik çözüm üzerinde durulur. Husserl bu soruna “öznelerarasılık” kavramı kapsamında çözüm önerileri getirir; bu kavram üzerinden, transzendental indirgeme sonunda solus ipse olarak arta kalan salt ben’in mutlak bilinçte yalnızlığa mahkûm olup olmadığı sorusuna çözüm sunar. Transzendental ben’in kendine özgü bir alanı vardır. Bu alanın kendine has bir iç düzeni ve yapılandırma yasaları vardır. Bu yapılandırma basarıları aracılığıyla salt ben kendini kurar. Transzendental ben’i somut kılan sey ise, onun, duyu verilerini bir sentezle bir araya getirerek baska ben’lerle bir arada, toplumsal bir çevrede varolduğunu algılamasıdır. Husserl, öznelerarasılık teorisini, yapılandırma yasaları temelinde gelistirir. Burada söz konusu olan, edilgin senteze dayalı yapılandırma yasalarıdır. Salt ben dünyayı ve baska benleri duyu verileri olarak algılar. Bu duyusallık alanının da kendine has yapılandırma yasaları vardır. Tamalgı, (Apperzeption), çağrısım (Assoziation) ve “appräsentation“ kavramları, bu duyusallık alanını belirleyen kavramlardır. Tamalgı bir nesnenin her yönüyle algılanmasını sağlayan bir algıdır. Bu algı kendi üzerinden dısarıya yönelen bir bilinç edimidir (Sözer, 1976: 76). Bu algı biçimi belli çağrısım yasalarına göre gerçeklesir. Baska ben’in ve ben’lerin ilk duyusal olusumu bu çağrısım yasalarına göre, bir benzesim (Analogie) olarak gerçeklesir. Husserl, baskasının beden bütünlüğünün, benim bedenimle benzerliğine dayanarak anlam kazanmasını “appräsentation“ kavramıyla aydınlatır. Ona göre, “appräsentation“ benzesime dayalı tamalgıdan doğan bir “çift olma durumu”dur. Burada bir anlam aktarması söz konusudur. Baska ben bedeni, anlamını benim bedenimin üzerinden alır. ?ki beden arasındaki benzerliğin ve farklılığın algılanmasını mümkün kılan, özdesleyim yeteneğidir. Bu çesit sezgiyle “görü”lenen sey apaçık bir bilgidir. Sonuç olarak Husserl, bilincin kategorial ve edilgin senteze dayalı yapılandırma basarılarını bir bilinç apriorizmi içersinde temellendirir.
This study is about the perception problem of a foreigner that has a significant place in phenomenological philosophy of Husserl. The perception of a foreigner concept (Fremderfahrung) turns towards to transcendental conscious. Within framework of that concept, it is discussed whether objective perception of the outer world that exists outside of an object is possible within subjectivity of transcendental conscious and if possible, how it is possible. In Husserl, there is a conscious research and objective information discussion behind the discussion of perception of a foreigner concept. Husserl begins that discussion by presenting new methods and dissertations. What bring innovation to his philosophic line are the dissertations about internal order and laws of conscious and the methods he suggests for investigation of such laws. In this study, it is emphasized how Husserl discusses the conscious subject within framework of the perception problem of a foreigner in his book titled “Cartesian Meditations” (Cartesianische Meditationen) and how he opens that subject as a transcendental theory. Husserl begins the discussion of perception problem of a foreigner or his conscious research by suggesting a new method. The name of that method is. We can briefly define that method as “to bracket the existence theorem of the world”. In the first section of the study, how the naïve world opinion is radically changed within framework of that method is discussed and absolute self area remaining from the bracketed world with is examined. The phenomenological is a reduction method. Everything that belongs to world is bracketed and the conscious is reduced to absolute self. This is an absolute conscious. According to Husserl, to open the cloth of absolute conscious realm means opening the cloth of transcendental realm of existence. When we examine that realm, we explore the real structure of conscious. The concept defining the conscious is an orientation concept. Orientation is perception of conscious always as a “conscious of something” (Bewusstsein von etwas) . v This means we can not talk about conscious without content. In the second section of that study, the configuration concept determined as success of conscious is discussed. With that concept, the basic characteristic of conscious is determined. The world is known as a correlation of conscious. Essence of things is conscious itself. Transcendental foundation of world, existences, according to essential laws of conscious as conscious acts is called as configuration (Sözer, 1976: 27). According to Husserl, the conscious research can be made by determining the internal order and laws of configuration. In the third and last section of the study, theoretical solution found for perception problem of a foreigner is discussed. Husserl makes suggestions for solution of that problem under scope of intersubjectivity concept; he presents solution for the question of whether the absolute self that remains as solus ipse as a result of transcendental reduction is condemned to loneliness in the absolute conscious. The transcendental self has a peculiar realm. This realm has a peculiar internal order and configuration laws. The absolute self establishes itself by means of successes of that configuration. What makes concrete the transcendental self is that it brings the sense data together with a synthesis and perceives them together with other selves in a social environment. Husserl develops the intersubjectivity theory in basis of configuration laws. Here, the said passive is the configuration laws depended on synthesis. The absolute self perceives the world and other selves as sense data. This sensational realm has peculiar configuration laws. The apperception, Association and “appräsentation“ concepts are the concepts that define that sensational realm. The apperception ensures perception of an object in all aspects. This perception is a conscious act that orients outside through itself (Sözer, 1976: 76). This perception form realizes depending on some definite association laws. vi The first sensational formation of other self and selves realize as an analogue according to these association laws. Husserl defines the body integrity of other person that becomes meaningful depending on the similarity with my body through the concept of “appräsentation“. According to him, “appräsentation“ is a situation of “being twin” resulting from the apperception depending on analogy. Here, a meaning transformation occurs. The other self body takes its meaning through my body. The identification ability makes possible understanding of the similarity and difference between two bodies. The thing that can be seen with such perception is very clear information. Consequently, Husserl grounds the configuration successes of conscious depended on categorical and passive synthesis within a conscious appriorism.
This study is about the perception problem of a foreigner that has a significant place in phenomenological philosophy of Husserl. The perception of a foreigner concept (Fremderfahrung) turns towards to transcendental conscious. Within framework of that concept, it is discussed whether objective perception of the outer world that exists outside of an object is possible within subjectivity of transcendental conscious and if possible, how it is possible. In Husserl, there is a conscious research and objective information discussion behind the discussion of perception of a foreigner concept. Husserl begins that discussion by presenting new methods and dissertations. What bring innovation to his philosophic line are the dissertations about internal order and laws of conscious and the methods he suggests for investigation of such laws. In this study, it is emphasized how Husserl discusses the conscious subject within framework of the perception problem of a foreigner in his book titled “Cartesian Meditations” (Cartesianische Meditationen) and how he opens that subject as a transcendental theory. Husserl begins the discussion of perception problem of a foreigner or his conscious research by suggesting a new method. The name of that method is. We can briefly define that method as “to bracket the existence theorem of the world”. In the first section of the study, how the naïve world opinion is radically changed within framework of that method is discussed and absolute self area remaining from the bracketed world with is examined. The phenomenological is a reduction method. Everything that belongs to world is bracketed and the conscious is reduced to absolute self. This is an absolute conscious. According to Husserl, to open the cloth of absolute conscious realm means opening the cloth of transcendental realm of existence. When we examine that realm, we explore the real structure of conscious. The concept defining the conscious is an orientation concept. Orientation is perception of conscious always as a “conscious of something” (Bewusstsein von etwas) . v This means we can not talk about conscious without content. In the second section of that study, the configuration concept determined as success of conscious is discussed. With that concept, the basic characteristic of conscious is determined. The world is known as a correlation of conscious. Essence of things is conscious itself. Transcendental foundation of world, existences, according to essential laws of conscious as conscious acts is called as configuration (Sözer, 1976: 27). According to Husserl, the conscious research can be made by determining the internal order and laws of configuration. In the third and last section of the study, theoretical solution found for perception problem of a foreigner is discussed. Husserl makes suggestions for solution of that problem under scope of intersubjectivity concept; he presents solution for the question of whether the absolute self that remains as solus ipse as a result of transcendental reduction is condemned to loneliness in the absolute conscious. The transcendental self has a peculiar realm. This realm has a peculiar internal order and configuration laws. The absolute self establishes itself by means of successes of that configuration. What makes concrete the transcendental self is that it brings the sense data together with a synthesis and perceives them together with other selves in a social environment. Husserl develops the intersubjectivity theory in basis of configuration laws. Here, the said passive is the configuration laws depended on synthesis. The absolute self perceives the world and other selves as sense data. This sensational realm has peculiar configuration laws. The apperception, Association and “appräsentation“ concepts are the concepts that define that sensational realm. The apperception ensures perception of an object in all aspects. This perception is a conscious act that orients outside through itself (Sözer, 1976: 76). This perception form realizes depending on some definite association laws. vi The first sensational formation of other self and selves realize as an analogue according to these association laws. Husserl defines the body integrity of other person that becomes meaningful depending on the similarity with my body through the concept of “appräsentation“. According to him, “appräsentation“ is a situation of “being twin” resulting from the apperception depending on analogy. Here, a meaning transformation occurs. The other self body takes its meaning through my body. The identification ability makes possible understanding of the similarity and difference between two bodies. The thing that can be seen with such perception is very clear information. Consequently, Husserl grounds the configuration successes of conscious depended on categorical and passive synthesis within a conscious appriorism.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Epoche, Yönelmişlik, Yapılandırma, Apaçıklık, Sezme duyusu, Epoche, Intentionality, Constitution, Evidence, Empathy
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Yaman, H. (2009). Husserl'de yabancıyı / Başkasını algılama sorunu (özneler arasılık kavramı çerçevesinde çözüm arayışları) / The perception problem of a foreigner in Husserl (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
