Jean-Paul Sartre'ın özgürlük görüşü ve yol açtığı antropolojik-etik sorunlar
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2016
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Sartre'ın özgürlük görüşü kendi döneminde çok etkili olmuş bir görüştür ve günümüzde de etkisi sürmektedir. Bu çalışmada Sartre'ın özgürlük görüşü insanla ve etik sorunlarla ilgisi bakımından ele alınmıştır. Özgürlük görüşünün temelindeki insan anlayışını ortaya koyabilmek için ilkin varlık görüşü ele alınmıştır. İki ayrı bölgeye ayrılan kendinde-varlık ve kendi-için varlık üzerinde durulmuş; yalnızca her iki varlığın ortak niteliği olan "olumsal" (la contingence) ve "fazladan" (de trop) oluşu açıklanmıştır. İnsan-dünya ilişkisinin derin anlamının sorgulanmasıyla ortaya çıkan varlık-hiçlik ilişkisi, özgürlük karşısında duyulan iç daralması (l'angoisse) ve bırakılmışlık kavramları açıklanarak özgürlük ile ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. İnsan varlığının dokusu olan bu özgürlük görüşünde, varolmanın ve özgür olmanın bir ve aynı şey olması insanın bu dünyadaki varlıksal durumu ile ilgisinde gösterilmiş; özgürlük, insanın varlık yapısının bir özelliği olarak belirlenmiştir. Kendisini bu dünyada bırakılmış olarak bulan insan, varoluşuyla birlikte, gerekliliklerle dolu dünyada gerçekleştirilmekte olan projelerin ortasında kendini keşfeder. Sartre'a göre bu proje "ben projesi"dir ve projeden kaçış yoktur. Bu bağlamda özgürlük kavramıyla ilgisinde bilinç, seçme, angajman, eylem, eylemin yönelimselliği, "motif, mobil", kavramlarına değinilmiş, "özgürlük ile sorumluluk", "özgürlük ile durum" arasındaki karşılıklı ilişki açıklanmıştır. Eylemi öne çıkaran özgürlük anlayışında, özgürlüğün adeta patlamış olmasının yol açabileceği sorunlar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sartre'ın insanı, bilinç, proje, seçim, varlık arzusu gibi belirli kavramlarla belirlemesinin bir indirgeme olduğu, bunun da insana bir bütün olarak bakmayı engellediği belirtilmiştir. Herhangi bir davranışı seçmenin, seçimi belirleyen bir ölçütün olmamasının etikte ne gibi sorunlara yol açabileceği sorusu üzerinde durulmuştur. Ahlak konusu, hakikat problemi ve değerin varlığı irdelenmeye çalışılmış; varoluşsal psikanaliz ile ahlak ve ontoloji ile ahlak arasındaki ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Ahlakı, "hem imkânsız hem gerekli" gören Sartre'ın bir "BİZ" ahlakı tasarladığı, ama "ben projesi" dediği varlık görüşünden böyle bir ahlakın çıkamayacağı sonucuna vardığı görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Özgürlük, varlık, hiçlik, olgusallık, durum.
Sartre's view of freedom has been very effective in his lifetime and even more resonant today. This view of freedom and its association with the human being and ethics have been discussed in this study. We start from his view of being in order to explain his conception of the human being which constitutes the foundation of his view of freedom. The division of Sartre's concept of Being into "being-in-itself" and "being-for-itself" has been discussed, their common aspects, namely, "contingency" and "in excess" have been explained. By questioning the profound meaning of the relationship between the human being and the world, the relation between being and nothingness, anguish in front of freedom, as well as the conception of abandonment have been explained and their relations with freedom have been discussed. In this view of freedom which is the fibre of the human being, to exist and to be free are shown as one and the same thing in their relation with the situation of his existence in the world. Man who found himself abandoned on the earth, in a world of necessities, also discovers himself in the centre of projects which are taking place. According to Sartre, such a project is a "project of me" and there is no escape from it. In this context, the concepts of consciousness, choice, commitment, action, intentionality, motive and mobility are examined and correlations between freedom and responsibility and between freedom and situation are established. In this study on Sartre's conception of freedom which focuses on action, we tried to determine the problems arising from "the explosion of freedom". Sartre's description of the human being with the concepts of consciousness, project, choice and "desire of being" is actually a kind of reduction which makes impossible to consider the human being as a whole. The question of "what are the implications for ethics of the lack of criteria in choosing on action?" was also examined. The problems of truth, of morals and the existence of values, as well as the relationship between existential psychoanalysis with morals, and also the relationship between ontology with morals are discussed. Sartre considers morals "impossible" and "necessary" at the same time. He envisages a morals of "us", though he concludes that this kind of morals could not be obtained from his view of being which he calls "project of me"
Sartre's view of freedom has been very effective in his lifetime and even more resonant today. This view of freedom and its association with the human being and ethics have been discussed in this study. We start from his view of being in order to explain his conception of the human being which constitutes the foundation of his view of freedom. The division of Sartre's concept of Being into "being-in-itself" and "being-for-itself" has been discussed, their common aspects, namely, "contingency" and "in excess" have been explained. By questioning the profound meaning of the relationship between the human being and the world, the relation between being and nothingness, anguish in front of freedom, as well as the conception of abandonment have been explained and their relations with freedom have been discussed. In this view of freedom which is the fibre of the human being, to exist and to be free are shown as one and the same thing in their relation with the situation of his existence in the world. Man who found himself abandoned on the earth, in a world of necessities, also discovers himself in the centre of projects which are taking place. According to Sartre, such a project is a "project of me" and there is no escape from it. In this context, the concepts of consciousness, choice, commitment, action, intentionality, motive and mobility are examined and correlations between freedom and responsibility and between freedom and situation are established. In this study on Sartre's conception of freedom which focuses on action, we tried to determine the problems arising from "the explosion of freedom". Sartre's description of the human being with the concepts of consciousness, project, choice and "desire of being" is actually a kind of reduction which makes impossible to consider the human being as a whole. The question of "what are the implications for ethics of the lack of criteria in choosing on action?" was also examined. The problems of truth, of morals and the existence of values, as well as the relationship between existential psychoanalysis with morals, and also the relationship between ontology with morals are discussed. Sartre considers morals "impossible" and "necessary" at the same time. He envisages a morals of "us", though he concludes that this kind of morals could not be obtained from his view of being which he calls "project of me"
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Özgürlük, Varlık, Hiçlik, Olgusallık, Durum, Freedom, Being, Nothingness, Facticity, Situation
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Öztürk, E. (2016) Jean-Paul Sartre'ın özgürlük görüşü ve yol açtığı antropolojik-etik sorunlar / Jean-Paul Sartre's view of freedom and the anthropological-ethical problems that it entails (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.